Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Saloni Singla ¹, Harpal Singh Sandhu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Thiacloprid, a novel neonicotinoid insecticide is chiefly used as a crop protectant therefore it is likely to cause indirect exposure to poultry through contaminated feed and water because this species is occasionally supplied with feed that is, declared unfit for human consumption. The current study was performed to explore the nonlethal toxic effects of thiacloprid in Gallus domesticus on hematological parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifty‑two birds were randomly divided into nine groups. Groups I to IV of four birds each were kept as healthy control. The Groups V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X contained six birds each and were administered thiacloprid at 1 mg/kg/day for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days, respectively. Results: Thiacloprid caused variable changes in the hematological parameters. There was a significant decline in the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and total erythrocyte count (TEC). The PCV declined to the extent of 23.33 ± 0.76% on day 90 from the 0 day value of 29.75 ± 1.26% of experiment. The Hb concentration decreased from 9.93 ± 0.57 g/dl (0 day) to 7.52 ± 0.62 g/dl (90 days). The TEC declined from the 0 day value of 2.41 ± 0.08 × 10⁶/mm³ to 90 days value of 2.08 ± 0.05 × 10⁶/mm³. The total leukocyte count on 0 day was 12.50 ± 0.76 × 10³/mm³ and it showed a significant increase from day 45 (17.80 ± 2.67 × 10³/mm³) to day 90 (21.33 ± 1.48 × 10³/mm³) of thiacloprid treatment. There was a significant rise in value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate to 19.25 ± 1.22 mm/24 h on day 90 of treatment from the 14.42 ± 1.09 mm/24 h on 0 day. The long‑term oral administration of thiacloprid produced no significant alterations in the values of erythrocytic indices. Conclusions: The repeated oral toxicity on thiacloprid in present investigation suggested that it has an adverse effect on health of birds and is moderately risk insecticide in G. domesticus.

Keywords

Gallus domesticus, Insecticide, Neonicotinoid, Thiacloprid, Toxicity.

Full Text

     

Milindmitra K. Lonare ¹, Bhaskar Vemu ¹, Amit K. Singh ¹, Saloni Singla ¹, Suresh K. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, IN

Abstract

The present study was carried out to evaluate the aldrin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in murine macrophage (J774A.1) cells. Acute exposure of aldrin for 2 hrs was given to the J774A.1 cells cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 37oC and 5% CO2 in air with 95% relative humidity under in vitro system. Lethal concentration-50 (LC50) was calculated after exposure period as 7.24 μg/ml. Further, cells were exposed with three different concentration of aldrin (1.81, 3.65 and 7.24 μg/ml) and 0.1% DMSO was used as negative control. The antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes were determined along with G6pDH, LDH and ALP enzymes in J774A.1 cells. Cells were monitored for cell morphology and apoptosis. Exposure of aldrin to J774A.1cells resulted in increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in antioxidant enzyme/ nonenzymes system. Further it caused decrease in G6PDH enzymes activity and excess leakage of LDH and ALP enzymes. The aldrin-treated cells showed higher number of apoptotic cells with alteration in cell morphology indicating apoptotic and necrotic changes. These effects were noticed in dose dependant manner. In conclusion, the result of in vitro study suggests that the aldrin can induced the process of apoptosis and cell death through the generation of ROS and thereof oxidative insult in J774A.1 cells.

Keywords

Aldrin, Apoptosis, Antioxidant Enzymes, J774A.1 Cells, Oxidative Stress.

Full Text

     

Saloni Singla ¹, V. K. Dumka ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

Thiacloprid is fairly a new chemical, but it has established itself as key component in insecticides because of its selectivity and low toxicity. It is effective on contact and via stomach action and bind agonistically to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS of insects, affecting synaptic transmission and leading to disruption of the nervous system. The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. It can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host’s health. The health implications of these immune dysfunctions are increased risk of infectious diseases; development of neoplasia; autoimmune disorders and allergies. Estimation of total immunoglobulins and enumeration of B and T lymphocytes in blood after repeated oral administration of thiacloprid at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg/day revealed no significant alterations in Gallus domesticus. The observed findings in the present study indicated that repeated thiacloprid exposure in poultry birds did not adversely affect the immune status of Gallus domesticus and thus is immunologically safer insecticide.

Keywords

Toxicity, Gallus domesticus, Thiacloprid, Insecticide, Immune System.

Full Text

     

Pallavi Bhardwaj ¹, G. Singh ², Saloni Singla ¹, S. K. Sharma ¹, S. Rampal ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Vety. Pharmacology and Toxicology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN
2 Dept. of Vety. Physiology and Biochemistry, COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, H.P, IN

Abstract

Marbofloxacin (MB) is an extended spectrum, third generation fluoroquinolone, developed exclusively for the use in veterinary medicine. The safety assessment was done to evaluate the clinical impact of marbofloxacin after repeated intramuscular administration in goats. Safety of drugs is important and changes in serum biochemical and/or hematological markers could provide an early indication of cellular toxicity. The drug was administered at the dose of 2 mg/kg for 5 days by intramuscular route in six healthy, non-lactating Beetal goats, 1.5-2 yrs of age. Haematological (TLC, TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) and serum biochemical parameters viz. liver function test (LFT) and kidney function test (KFT) (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, BUN, creatinine, total proteins and albumin) were determined and analyzed to establish the safety profile of marbofloxacin. The hematological and biochemical parameters were found to fluctuate within normal range during treatment period and no significant alterations (p < 0.05) were found in the mean values. The results indicated that intramuscular administration of marbofloxacin in goats at the dose of 2 mg/kg for 5 days seems to be safe.

Keywords

Marbofloxacin, Repeated Administration, Safety Assessment, Goats.

Full Text